# Lecture 3

## 3.1 - Learning the weights of a linear neuron

• For multi-layers neural networks the average of two good solutions may be a bad solution ⇒ we cannot use the perceptron learning procedure.
• Here instead of making the weights get closer to a set of good weights, we just try to make the output get closer to the expected output.
• For linear neurons, the output is $y = w^T x$
• To measure the error we use the squared error between Y and t.
• We then use the “delta-rule” for learning: $\Delta w_i = \epsilon x_i (t-y)$

### Deriving the delta rule

• We start with $E = \frac 12 \sum\limits_n (t^n - y^n)^2$
• Then we differentiate to get error derivatives for weights: $\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i} = \frac 12 \sum\limits_n \frac {\partial y^n}{\partial w_i} \frac{d E^n}{d y^n} = - \sum\limits_n x_i^n (t^n - y^n)$
• Then we use $\Delta w_i = - \epsilon \frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i} = \sum\limits_n \epsilon x_i^n (t^n - y^n)$

## 3.2 - The error surface for a linear neuron

• For linear neuron, the error surface is a quadratic bowl

## 3.3 - Learning the weights of a logistic output neuron

### Derivatives of a logistic neuron

• $z = b + \sum\limits_i x_i w_i$
• $\frac{\partial z}{\partial w_i} = x_i$
• $\frac{\partial z}{\partial x_i} = w_i$
• Then $y=\frac{1}{1+e^{-z}}$, so $\frac{dy}{dz} = y(1-y)$
• So we get $\frac{\partial y}{\partial w_i} = \frac {\partial z}{\partial w_i} \frac{d y}{d z} = x_i y (1-y)$
• And $\frac{\partial E}{\partial w_i} = \sum\limits_n \frac {\partial y^n}{\partial w_i} \frac{d E^n}{d y^n} = - \sum\limits_n x_i^n y^n (1-y^n) (t^n - y^n)$

## 3.4 - The backpropagation algorithm

• Randomly pertubing one weight and then checking if it improves the performances may work, but it is very inefficient compared to backpropagation.

: add the formulas for the backpropagation here (after understanding them!)