If we invest V dollars, for n years, with a simple interest rate of R, then the future value can be computed as: \(FV_n = V \cdot (1+R)^n\)
Note that nowadays, the interest rate is usually around 1%.
The present value can be computed as: \(V = \frac{FV_n}{(1+R)^n}\)
The compound annual return is: \(R = \left( \frac{FV_n}{V}\right)^\frac 1n - 1\)
The investment horizon is: \(n = \frac{ln(\frac{FVn}{V})}{ln(1+R)}\)
⇒ How long does it takes to double the investment V ? This doesn't depend on V, and we find: \(n = \frac{ln(2)}{ln(1+R)}\). We have \(ln(2) \approx 0.7\) and when R is very small \(ln(1+R) \approx R\), so here we get \(n \approx \frac{0.7}{R}\). With a typical interest rate of R = 0.01, we get the result n = 70 (years!) [This is known as the rule of the seventy]
Compounding can occur m times per year (with m=2 or 12 or 365, etc…).
In that case we define the periodic interest rate: \(\frac Rm\). And the Future value is defined as: \(FV_n^m = V \cdot \left( 1 + \frac Rm \right)^{m \cdot n}\)
We can also define continuous compounding, when m increases infinitely. This gives: \( FV_n^\infty = \lim\limits_{m \to \infty} V \cdot \left( 1 + \frac Rm \right)^{m \cdot n} = V \cdot e^{R \cdot n}\) (note that \(e \approx 2.71828\)).
The higher the value of m, the higher the future value \(FV_n\) (marginally).
The concept of multiple compound per year was originally introduced to get around some regulations (limitation on the interest rate that can be applied).
A Portfolio is just a collection of asset that we want to invest into.
For instance if we have a portfolio of 2 assets, we can invest V dollars in the assets A or B.
We call the investment shares \(x_A\) and \(x_B\) the fraction of the money that is invested in A and B respectively.
We assume here that we invest all of our money, so we have \(x_A + x_B = 1\)
Then we can compute the rate of return \(R_{P,t}\) of the portfolio itself:
\[\begin{align} V (1+R_{P,t}) & = V [ x_A (1+R_{A,t}) + x_B (1+R_{B,t})] \\ & = V [x_A + x_B + x_A \cdot R_{A,t} + x_B \cdot R_{B,t} ] \\ & = V [1 + x_A \cdot R_{A,t} + x_B \cdot R_{B,t}]\end{align}\]
In the general case with a portfolio of n assets with investment shares \(x_i\), we have the gross return: \(1+R_{P,t} = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i \cdot (1+R_{i,t})\) or the net return rate: \(R_{P,t} = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i \cdot R_{i,t}\)